Criteria and Signs of Identification of Digital Assets in Company Accounting: Differences Between Ukrainian and European Practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2026.02.195Keywords:
digital assets, crypto-assets, accounting, financial reporting, fair value, IFRS, NFTs, DeFi, regulation, auditAbstract
The rapid expansion of digital assets and their active integration into business and financial activities necessitate the improvement of accounting approaches to their recognition, measurement, and presentation in financial reporting. The article examines the current state and prospects of digital asset accounting in international and Ukrainian practice. Existing approaches to the recognition, classification, and measurement of digital assets under IFRS/IAS are analyzed, and the key limitations of their application to highly liquid and volatile crypto-assets are identified. It is substantiated that fair value measurement is the most appropriate approach for liquid digital assets, as it provides a more relevant representation of their economic substance and reduces distortions in financial indicators. A comparative analysis of Ukrainian and European approaches to the regulation, classification, and accounting of digital assets is conducted, revealing differences in regulatory frameworks, classification principles, and disclosure requirements. The main accounting challenges related to NFTs, DeFi transactions, taxation, audit, and verification of control over digital assets are outlined. Directions for improving national accounting practice through harmonization with European requirements, development of methodological guidance, and enhancement of accountants’ professional competencies are proposed. The implementation of these approaches will improve the transparency and comparability of financial reporting, strengthen investor confidence, reduce regulatory risks, and increase Ukraine’s investment attractiveness.
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